Bulletin of Akaki Tsereteli State University
Bulletin of Akaki Tsereteli State University is a scientific peer-reviewed/refereed multidisciplinary journal of Akaki Tsereteli State University. It is possible to publish papers in the journal in Georgian and other foreign (English, German, French) languages with an attached extended abstract in English. The bilingual (Georgian-English) journal University Moambe began functioning at Akaki Tsereteli State University in 1993 and from 2013, under the name Akaki Tsereteli State University Moambe. It is published twice a year. Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.52340/atsu ISSN: 2233-3711 e-ISSN: 3088-4527
Student-Centered Learning Environment and Principles of Learning Theory
The article discusses the principles of Jan Amos Comenius’ Mathetics (Theory of Learning), which are the starting point of the learning process, related to the essence of the cognition process, and reflect the reality in the student's awareness. The principled and consistent implementation of them is the means and the best way to conduct and solve the high-quality educational process in creating a student-centered learning environment.
Acne today still remains one of the most common diseases. The recommended treatments are not always possible due to side effects. When using antibiotics, there has been an increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant P. acnes strains over time. In recent years, preference has been given to the drugs that do not contain antibiotics. The compositions have been developed containing products of mineral and plant origin, which have shown good results in the treatment of mild and moderate acne. Attention is paid to the use of agents that increase the body's immunological status. It is hoped that this review will make a certain contribution to understanding of the need for further research in this field.
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics
Effective Solution of a Boundary Value Problem of Statics of the Theory of Elastic Mixture in a Half-plane
In the paper we consider effective solution of the boundary value problem for homogeneous equation of statics of the linear theory of elastic mixture in a half-plane, when on the boundary are given the sum of the I and III components, the difference of II and IV components the normal derivative of the sum of II and IV components of displacement vector and rotor vector. The problem can be reduced in same domain to the of Dirichlet and Neumann problems for equation of the Poisson.
Construction Waste as Used Raw Materials and Environmental Protection
Satisfactory human needs are closely related to the production of waste of various shapes and types. Economic development increases demands. The increase in demand produces an expansion in the volume and variety of waste production. As a result, enormous damage is inflicted to the atmosphere, and consequently, the living conditions of the people in the environment deteriorate. There are different types of regulations in the European Union that help reduce waste and encourage recycling. A large proportion of the waste generated on the Earth comes from construction and building materials. More than 60% derives from the used concrete waste. The article discusses possibilities of recycling concrete waste, the scale of the generation of this waste in Georgia, its uncontrolled distribution in the environment, the economic benefits of their second use, and the possibility of reducing the scale of environmental damage.
Agricultural Production Opportunities in Imereti Region
The paper discusses the resource potential of the Imereti region as an opportunity for agricultural production. It considers the influence of this potential on the efficiency of agricultural production as well as the modern challenges of the related process, the objective evaluation of the factors of production (labor, material-technical, financial-economic and other resources) in the region and the analysis of the effectiveness of using those inputs to determine the main directions of agricultural production, to ensure sustainable development of the sector and enhance the region's food independence and economic security. In the article, the authors develop the idea that the natural advantages of the region can be used more effectively to occupy leading positions in international markets in terms of high quality products.
The Role of Public Awarenes of Corporate Social Responsibility
The article considers the essence and importance of social responsibility of business in modern society. It also provides analysis of the survey conducted with a view to determining the existing level of public awareness of corporate social responsibility. The research results show that today’s modern consumers require companies to do much more than just production of quality products and services.
encouragement of corporate social responsibility
Socratic Philosophy as a Way of Living Remarks on Plato’ s Apologia
Socrates invites his fellow citizens to live an examining life. He defends his own “questioning and examining” by claiming the God commanded him “to live the life of a philosopher, to examine myself and others” (28e4-6). For Socrates, asking philosophical questions and examining beliefs is a way of living, and “an un-examined life is not worth living” (37e3-38a7). The two crucial elements of the examining life that Socrates has in mind are, as we aim to explain in this paper, taking care of the soul and taking care of thoughts.
Fake Places of The Knight in the Panther’s Skin According to Alexander Sarajishvili
The article discusses Alexander Sarajishvili's monograph "Fake Places of The Knight in the Panther’s Skin". The study was periodically published in the journal “Moambe” from 1895 to 1901. The aim of the researcher's main work was to clear the text of “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin” from the scribes, forgers, and to restore the text close to its original. Al. Sarajishvili established the principles of how and by what means these fake places can be identified. The article, based on specific examples, shows how the researcher tries to identify the places where the poem is inserted and how much his views were shared by his contemporary and later Rustvelologists in their research and various editions of the poem.
‘The Iberians’ _ An Unknown Novel by Arthur Suttner
A famous Austrian writer Arthur Gundaccar von Suttner lived in Georgia with his wife, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Bertha von Suttner for nine years (1876-1885) and occupied a significant place in the history of Georgian culture. The impressions of the writer that are connected with the life in our country were so deeply imprinted in his consciousness that the Georgian theme became the main direction of his creative work. In the present paper, A. Suttner's unknown and hitherto unpublished novel ‘The Iberians’ in its original language is analysed. At my request, Prof. Tamaz Gvenetadze found the manuscript of the novel in the National Library of Vienna (Austria), translated it into Georgian and published as a separate book. The novel reflects the situation created in Georgia after its conquest by Russia with historical truth and in most cases clearly expressed pro-Georgian point of view.
Scientific Criteria for Working on Written Material (Tamaz Chiladze - "Mirror for the Blind")
Involvement in an international scientific space implies the necessary habits and skills and one's own and original vision of the problem for successful research work in a particular field. This primarily concerns the transferable ability of academic writing. As specialists point out, there is no single right way and method of writing, views and tastes essentially determine and guide the writing process, However, there are still some stages in the creation of the work and scientific criteria for working on the text, which is the most important factor in terms of correct perception and comprehension of the text and which all authors take into account in the academic space. In the article, on the example of the fiction text, in particular, Tamaz Chiladze's small play "Mirror for the Blind", the focus is on several important scientific criteria for working on written material. In particular: the forms of text expression , the use of events, objects, things, animals, people and their purpose for the description of the episode, on the structure of the narrative, the discussion side of the text, and the description of the linguistic implications, which are ultimately the subject of research in the present paper.
The First “Textbook” of History of Ancient Literature from Quintilian
Marcus Fabius Quintilianusus (35-96 AD) is one of the most interesting writer, teacher, orator and advocate of antiquity. His Institutio oratoria is a 12-volume book written in Latin, in which the author offers theoretical research and practical advice on raising a good orator, a good man in general, because, according to Quintilianus, it was impossible to be a good orator if you will not be a good person - vir bonus dicendi peritus (12,1,3). Quintilianus' work has not been translated into Georgian yet. He is not familiar for Georgian society, so we considered it expedient to translate the work in order to make Quintilianus' interesting tips and opinions available for Georgian readers interested in these issues, which have not lost their relevance even today. This passage can be considered, to some extent, one of the first "textbooks" in the history of ancient literature, as Quintilianus informs us about 110 Greek and Roman authors.
Semantic Relationships of Epithets in Ancient Epic Poetry and ‘The Knght in the Panther’s Skin’ by Rustaveli
Numerous works can be found on the relations between ancient epic poetry and Rustaveli's "The Knight in the Panther’s Skin", which highlight the issue of similarities and differences between the mentioned texts in different directions. Our interest in the interrelationships between the epithets given by three representatives of ancient epic poetry and by Rustaveli was caused by the rarity of searching the issue in Georgian scientific literature. We study the relations between ancient epic poetry and Rustaveli's poem by contrasting the similarities and differences between the epithets presented in the studied texts - by the comparative method. The following research gives us an idea of ​​the relations that can be used as an argument to prove the "kinship" between Rustaveli and ancient epic poetry. The similarities between the epithets presented in Rustaveli’s epic and the ancient epic poetry ("The Iliad", "Odyssey", "Argonautica", "Aeneid") give us grounds to believe that the ancient epic poetry, authored by Homer, Apollonius and Virgil, found an important reflection in the work by the Georgian epic writer.
Linguocognitive Characteristics of Modified Ad-Hoc Lexical Units in the Telecinematic Discourse
Recently ad-hoc word-formation research has received a plenty of attention from the perspective of linguocognitive paradigm that focuses on the unity of cognition, language, speech and metacontext. For this reason, the present article elucidates ad-hoc word formation in the telecinematic discourse to highlight complex mental processes behind the formation of an ad-hoc lexical unit, namely linguocognitive procedures, operations, and mechanisms. The ad-hoc words are classified based on the principle of sense transmission, hence we outline aggregated, condensed, and modified ad-hoc lexical units. The author has focused particular attention on the ad-hoc words, coined through conversion and by analogy employing the algorithm of linguocognitive meaning construction.
For the Issue of Idiom in Western European, Georgian and Turkish Linguistics
Language, as a social institution, is constantly changing and evolving, by the way, through the metaphorical understanding of solid group of words. This type, so called idiomatic expressions have long been the focus of researchers’ attention, however, to date there is no consensus among linguists on its definition. The paper presents a brief history of the study of idioms, the main definitions of which are found in Western, Georgian and Turkish linguistics, the reasons for the diversity of assessments and draws a definite conclusion: In most cases, the main feature of the idiom is the special meaning of the words’ group, which is not obtained by mechanical summation of its constituent components, the meanings of the words contained it. The perception of an idiom as an idiom is provided not by the separate meaning of its constituent components, but by the meaning of the whole, which is the result of poetic mind. Therefore, idioms should be considered as a national phe­nomenon, a kind of mirror of the spiritual world of the nation.
The Past, Present and Future of Georgian Forests
Forest resources are invaluable on earth. It is the most productive ecosystem of biosphere. Almost 40% of Georgian territory is covered with forests. Georgian forests have been characterized by abundance and variety since ancient times. The relationship between humans and forests changed throughout centuries, depending on will of forest owners. Nonstop deforestations took place, selling them outside of the country borders, gifting it and such facts, put maintenance of Georgian forests in danger. Even nowadays deforestation, natural disasters, forest fires have posed a threat to usage of this resource which puts country in ecological and economical danger.
Bio-fertilizer, as a Growth Factor for Seedy Crops and Disease Resistance
Nowadays, reducing of chemical pesticides in amount against plant pests and finding alternative ways have gained high topicality. In this respect, in order to increase plant viability, it’s of great importance to provide biological fertilizers for the purpose of plant growth and development. We can use either leaf or root nutrition of plants. Obviously, foliar feeding is more economical and has a positive effects accordingly. Thus, the experiment was done on seedy fruit (peaches and plums) to show foliar feeding results when nourished with bio fertilizers – geohumats and organics. Geohumats is bio-organic fertilizer with microelements. Its use accelerates protein metabolism, which is accompanied by enhanced plant growth and increased susceptibility to infectious and non-infectious diseases. Organics is an ecologically clean bio-fertilizer certified by EU countries. It contains self-propagating fungi that is useful for plants, nitrogen and phosphorus fixative, M group type bacteria dissolved in an aqueous solution enriched with humus and microorganisms. Hence, organics creates a food area-substrate for further active growth of microorganisms.
A Garden of Continuous Flowering and Effects (Experience of Akaki Tsereteli State University)
The paper consistently presents the history of Continuous Flowering and Effects Garden at one of the locations of ATSU, where ornamental, continental and subtropical crops (citrus, essential oil, fatty oil and technical plants) are used. In the same article, for the first time in the Georgian scientific literature, the possibilities of using "Nivaki forms" are considered and it is placed next to the unique "Georgian alphabet" monument; Nivaki's art is explained, which is based on three main factors, and from this trilogy derives the aesthetics of the Japanese vision of odd numbers, naturalness, and disproportion, which is in stark contrast to the classical European vision. The decorative features of all eight groups of plants are discussed, including the pine tree - Pinus pinaster Sol. planted in the NATO square and a specially placed stone with the inscription “NATO Square. NATO Information Center." „NATO SQUARE. Information Center on NATO. 06.10.2009."
The Equation of Motion for a Three-Dimensional Fractional Model of Viscoelasticity
Over the past 4 decades, the differential equations of fractional order and the Abel integral equations have been considered to be the very important and useful tools for studying the hereditary and memorable properties of various processes. In some cases they lead us to the more adequate models as compared to the models based on an entire order of derivatives. In the main, the focus was on the study of models based on the fractional diffusion-wave differential equations. Such equations have been successfully used for the modeling of various phenomena, for example, for studying the behavior of viscoelastic materials and for studying the diffusion processes in porous regions that appear in fractal geometry, as well as for white noise process modeling, and so on. This article addresses the equation of motion for a three-dimensional fractional model of viscoelastic behavior, when the constitutive relationships contain the derivatives of fractional order, in Riemann- Liouville sense. The hyperbolicity of the obtained equations of motion is shown.
Asymptotic Nets in the Improper Three-dimensional Affine Hyperplane
The two – dimensional surface is considered in the four-dimensional extended affine space Α4=Α4∪Α3^*, where Α3^* is a three-dimensional improper hyperplane carrying the structure of the projective space P3. A moving frame R = (A,Ai,Aα )(i=1,2; α=3,4) is attached to the surface according to a certain rule, where A ∈ V2, {Ai,Aα } ⊂ Α3*. We choose a conjugated net (ω1, ω2 ) arranged by geodesic lines on the surface V2 so that the straigt lines (AAi) represent tangent to the lines ωi. When the point moves on the surface V2 then each of the points Ai, Aα describes two-dimensional surfaces (Ai ),(Aα ) in the hyperplane A3*, on which naturally arise nets of lines (ω1, ω2 ). The cases when the nets are asymptotic are considered.
Ways to Solve Geomorphological Problems in the Black Sea Regions of Georgia Using Innovative Technologies
The article proposes an innovative technology for protecting coastal areas from erosion processes, which is not approved in Georgia. New method is based on the use of underwater barriers (geotubes) from geotextile pipes filled with sand. In the case of using several underwater geotubes, an erosion site in the Black Sea coastal zone of the city of Poti, located to the south from the runoff of the "city channel" of the Rioni River, was considered. Geotubes are located along the coast. After geotubes are run over by the waves, to determine the types of water circulations formed in the coastal zone, the analytical method is used. With 2-cell circulation, the shore is erosive, and with 4-cell circulation it is accretionary. A system of equations is obtained. The numerical solution of the system determines the parameters of the location of geotubes when the morphological reaction of Poti coast is accretionary. The effect on the types of coastal reaction of the length of geotubes, their distance from the coast, intervals between geotubes, wave heights and changes in the coefficient of lateral water retention, is studied. As a result, there have been established the parameters of geotubes, after the placement of which in the sea, the coast will be protected from leaching, and the coastal zone will increase.
Addressing an Issue of Stabilization Policy and Population Income Growth
In recent years, the government and business have dominated the market and dictated the rules, thus, the interest of the population, as the largest consumer is sacrificed to the constant "clarification" of their relationship. Consequently, in the condition of rising consumer prices, its competitive chances as an economic agent with the public and private sectors are minimizing, because the individual's monetary income, in all cases, remains fixed / unchanged. The government should decide to support investment projects focused on the rapid development of traditional and priority sectors and the maximum employment of local human resources, because the following question is more actual in the society: which one is our priority - to establish the name of a service-oriented state in the world community, or the name of a producer and industrial country?
Aspects of Functioning of State Procurement System
At the end of 2010, in order to manage the public procurement system properly and transparently, as a result of the modernization of the procurement process, the country has fully switched to the electronic procurement system. Under the current law, public procurement is defined as the procurement of any goods, services and construction work by a procuring entity using electronic or other means. It is implemented with funds from all levels of the budget hierarchy (central, autonomous, local) and beyond. Public procurement is regulated by a number of legislative-normative documents, including the “Law of Georgia on Public Procurement”, which sets out the general legal, organizational and economic principles of public procurement. Coordination and monitoring of public procurement activities is carried out by the State Procurement Agency. Despite the efficiency and transparency of the functioning of the electronic procurement system, there are shortcomings in this area, which need to be regulated and appropriate control mechanisms developed.
Akaki Tsereteli's Reception in Aka Morchiladze's Narrative ("Georgian Notebooks")
Aka Morchiladze is one of the outstanding representatives of modern Georgian literature. In his works Georgia's past and the artistic portraits of many historical figures are very well represented through narrating specific dates and facts without much documentary accuracy. "Georgian Notebooks" is this type of a book. In a centuries-long retrospective through the method detailed reading the article analyzes how active the figure of a prominent Georgian poet and public figure of XIX century _ Akaki Tsereteli is in such a cultural discourse when the aim of the author is not to create an independent opus specifically about him. This narrative by Aka Morchiladze clearly shows that throughout his entire career Akaki's figure cannot be bypassed and there are no periods when he is either less active or isolated from socio-cultural events. An almost complete portrait of a distinguished writer is painted by means of the fragments in the text.
On One Issue of Drama Theory in the Aesthetics of Lessing and Diderot
The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the problem of democratization in the 18th century Western European Enlightenment drama theory focusing on the theoretical works of Denis Diderot and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. The comparative analysis of their works demonstrates their common struggle against the aesthetics of classicism as well as differences in their drama theory. In literary scholarship there are diverse views on Lessing’s polemics with Diderot. Both theorists are equally demanding in their appeal for the democratization of literature and, in particular, drama, but Lessing finds it unacceptable to emphasize the social “condition” in the dramatic work, giving it priority over the individuality of the character. In fact, Lessing discovered a contradiction in Diderot's drama theory: it was a split between the ideal and the real, the general and the particular. Lessing managed to gain deep insight into the dialectical nature of the problem, seeking to find a balance between the ideal and the real, generalization and empirical diversity, the typical and the individual.
The World Health Organization (WHO) announced a pandemic on March 11, 2020 and words such as "epidemic," "pandemic," and "panic" became part of our daily discourse. These words are of Greek origin and indicate that the ancient Greeks thought a lot about diseases, both in its purely medical sense and as a metaphor for the wider conduct of human affairs. In some memorable passages in Ancient literature, the Greeks call Loimos a plague, while the Romans call it Pestis. The article deals with the description of the epidemic in ancient literature, in particular with Homer, Sophocles, Thucydides, Lucretius, Virgil, and Ovid.
Hamlet by Shakespeare and Ancient Greek Tragic Categories (Analytic Theories)
“Hamlet’’ can be considered inter-textually linked with ancient Greek tragedy narrative regarding the themes like: murdering the royal family member, inherited fate, phenomenon of ghosts, bloody rivals among generations, poisonous food and wine, violence on the site where a character seeks a shelter, deviation from conventional burial ceremonies. The very first correlation refers to so called original saga - resemblance between stories of Orestes and Hamlet. Making an analysis of the tragedy of Oedipus implies identifying the essence of the tragedy of Hamlet. Freud talks about latent feelings coming true in the case of Oedipus, while Hamlet suppresses them. Claudius is a prototype of Oedipus’s father and Hamlet consciously directs the desire of killing the father towards him. Nietzsche talks about Dionysian and Apollonian origins and analyses these categories in ancient Greek context Apollonian dealing with individuality, distinctiveness, hierarchy while Dionysian means rejection of individuality, forgetting private ego. Hamlet like the protagonists of ancient Greek drama is a traditional, typical hero and despite variety of interpretations of the myth, the essence is always the same. Consequently, on the unconscious level latent parallels already exist.
Female Parrhesiastes in the Political Life of Polis (Aristophanes’ Comedies: “Lysistrata”, “Thesmophoriazusae” and “Ecclesiazusae”)
The paper addresses the problem of female exercise of parrhesia (freedom of speech) in democratic life of Athens, where comedy was a kind of a “truth-telling tool” that was aimed at revealing and influencing socio-political state of being. Ridiculous speeches and plots were employed to advocate particular political policies. Aristophanes perfectly used his words portraying reality in a funny way, sometimes using αἰσχρολογία - shameful speech. In his comedies “Lysistrata”, “Thesmophoriazusae” and “Ecclesiazusae” females are obsessed with the idea of making political life of polis more peaceful and human-oriented. Female-centered comedies reveal socio-political issues in various ways through showing how οἶκος and πόλις are or should be interrelated, fight for democracy, gender equality in the frameworks of oppression and stereotyping, the first female mass strike, communism etc. Being parrhesiastes is rather hard for women but they are capable of overthrowing the androcentric government through a peaceful coup d’état, establishing total gynecocracy. The process of breaking long-held silence is rather painful and is not free of emotions at all, especially, in the world where females are opposed with δείνωση (hate speech), are brutally silenced and threatened by males in order to suppress female-dominated political “dreams”. Athenian democracy was defined very explicitly as a constitution (πολιτεία) in which people enjoyed δημοκρατία, ἰσηγορία (the equal right of speech), ἰσονομία (the equal participation of all citizens in the exercise of power), and parrhesia. Males used parrhesia with ease compared to females, whose rights were restricted only to religious rites. Comedies echo Athenian women’s voices who find hard to speak fluently against men without expecting humiliation, danger, but general prosperity and well-being of the polis is above emotions, anger, fear or shame: Praxagora: It's difficult; yet it must be done, and the arm shown naked to the shoulder in order to vote (Aristopn. Eccl. 265-66).
Prometheus or the Caucasus (Titles comprising informative function in Greek Literature)
Our article is about the titles of informative function in ancient Greek literature. We united the titles in this function, which denotes the basic concept and core of the composition. The titles of this kind are quite common in Greek literature as we have studied. In the following work we tried to show what importance the informative titles have in ancient Greek literature. For example, Lucian’s satire titled as – “Prometheus or Caucasus” gives us information about the mythological hero Prometheus, who is related to the Caucasian mountain range. It should be mentioned, that ancient prose has not been studied in terms of the title. Our article is a humble attempt to complete this drawback.
Esthetic Epithets in Ancient Epic Poetry (Homer, Apollonius, Virgil)
Aesthetics is the conceptual expression of standards of beauty in literary forms. The expressive form can be a specific subject, event or lexical-grammatical unit. Everything that is beautiful is aesthetic too, though, according to ancient epic poetry, aesthetics implies beauty in the synthesis of morality. In ancient epic poetry epithet is the best way of representing an aesthetic expression. In the works by Homer, Apollonius, and Virgil, the epithets expressing aesthetic view are used to describe animate or inanimate objects as well as to represent the immortals. In the texts, the epithet of aesthetic evaluation emphasizes visual beauty, expresses moral value, intensifies the reader's emotional attitude to the situation or is an artistic identification mark.
The famous French traveler Eugene Melchior de Vogue traveled to Georgia in 1875-1882 and published interesting information in the United States’ Press. The work of the Count has not yet been properly studied and translated into Georgian. The writer provides interesting information about Georgia at that time. It allows us to re-analyze the history, culture, ethnography, way of life, dress, etc. of that time. The translation is attached to the article, which refers to Kutaisi.